| Climatic Factors and Soil Conditions | |
|---|---|
| Soil effects | Acid and alkaline soils |
| Saline soils | |
| Sunlight effects | Sunlight effects |
| Temperature effects | High temperature |
| Low temperature (frost) | |
| Management factors | |
|---|---|
| Crop canopy | Control of tillers and spikes |
| Green leaves after heading | |
|
Crop establishment |
Crop stands. Why poor? |
| Planting depth and method | |
| Sowing time | |
| Seed rate | |
| Seed viability | |
| Crop nutrition | Mineral nutrition |
| Crop residues | Residue management |
| Crop lodging | Lodging |
| Tillage | Land preparation |
| Tillage systems | |
| Water | Moisture stress |
| Waterlogging | |
| Weeds | Weeds |
| Biotic factors | |
|---|---|
| Insects | Above ground insects |
| Soil pests | |
| Stored grain insects | |
| Diseases | General |
| Leaf diseases | |
| Root diseases | |
| In storage | |
| Other pests | Rodents and birds |